{"id":4789,"date":"2025-12-01T03:56:50","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T03:56:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/?p=4789"},"modified":"2025-12-01T03:56:50","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T03:56:50","slug":"how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0647\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u062a\u060c <strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 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\u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong>. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0634 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 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class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#A_Brief_History_of_Bronze_Sculpture_Casting\" >\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Ancient_Origins_and_Early_Lost%E2%80%91Wax_Casting\" >\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Greek_and_Roman_Hollow_Bronze_Casting\" >\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Renaissance_Revival_of_Bronze_Casting\" >\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Modern_Foundries_and_Todays_Bronze_Industry\" 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Core_Materials_and_Tools_for_How_Bronze_Sculptures_Are_Cast\" >\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Modeling_Materials_Clay_Wax_Foam_Armatures\" >\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Mold-Making_Supplies_Silicone_Plaster_Ceramic_Shell\" >\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Foundry_Tools_Crucibles_Furnaces_Safety_Gear\" >\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Preparing_the_Original_Sculpture_for_Lost-Wax_Bronze_Casting\" >\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Turning_an_Idea_into_a_Clay_or_Wax_Model\" >\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Building_a_Strong_Armature_for_Larger_Bronze_Sculptures\" >\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Surface_Detailing_for_Fine_Texture_Before_Casting\" >\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Making_the_Mold_for_Bronze_Sculptures\" >\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#One%E2%80%91Piece_vs_Multi%E2%80%91Piece_Mold_Designs\" >\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Applying_Silicone_or_Rubber_Over_the_Original_Sculpture\" >\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Creating_Mother_Molds_for_Support_and_Repeat_Castings\" >\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Common_Mold%E2%80%91Making_Mistakes_And_How_to_Avoid_Them\" >\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 (\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Creating_the_Wax_Model_Wax_Positive\" >\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Pouring_or_Brushing_Wax_into_the_Mold\" >\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Controlling_Wax_Thickness_for_Hollow_Bronze_Casting\" >\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Wax_Chasing_Fixing_Seams_and_Surface_Flaws\" >\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639: \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Why_the_Wax_Stage_Is_Critical_to_Casting_Quality\" >\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Sprues_Vents_and_the_Gating_System_in_Lost-Wax_Bronze_Casting\" >\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#What_Sprues_and_Vents_Do_in_Bronze_Casting\" >\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Designing_a_Gating_System_for_Smooth_Metal_Flow\" >\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Common_Beginner_Mistakes_with_Sprue_Placement\" >\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Investing_and_Burnout_in_Lost%E2%80%91Wax_Bronze_Casting\" >\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Building_the_ceramic_shell_around_the_wax_sculpture\" >\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Layering_investment_for_heat_and_pressure\" >\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Burnout_melting_and_draining_the_wax\" >\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642: \u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Temperature_control_to_prevent_cracks_and_defects\" >\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Melting_and_Pouring_Bronze\" >\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#How_bronze_is_melted_and_held_at_the_right_temperature\" >\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Degassing_and_cleaning_the_molten_bronze\" >\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Gravity_pouring_vs_centrifugal_casting\" >\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Cooling_Breaking_the_Mold_and_Revealing_the_Casting\" >\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Cooling_Times_Small_vs_Large_Bronze_Sculptures\" >\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Removing_the_Ceramic_Shell_or_Investment\" >\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#First_Inspection_of_the_Raw_Bronze_Sculpture\" >\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Typical_Surface_Defects_After_the_First_Casting\" >\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Cleaning_Chasing_and_Welding_Bronze_Sculptures\" >\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Cutting_off_Sprues_and_Grinding_Stubs_in_Bronze_Casting\" >\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Chasing_Restoring_Detail_and_Texture_in_Bronze\" >\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0639: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Welding_Multiple_Bronze_Sections_Together\" >\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Blending_Welds_Until_Seams_Are_Invisible\" >\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Internal_Support_and_Structural_Stability_in_Bronze_Sculptures\" >\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#When_You_Need_an_Internal_Armature\" >\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Using_Stainless_Steel_Supports_in_Large_Outdoor_Bronze\" >\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Designing_Bases_and_Mounts_for_Safe_Installation\" >\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Patination_and_Surface_Finishes_in_Lost%E2%80%91Wax_Bronze_Casting\" >\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#What_Patina_Is_and_Why_Bronze_Changes_Color\" >\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Common_Chemical_Patinas_for_Bronze_Sculptures\" >\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Hot_vs_Cold_Patina_Methods\" >\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Waxing_Sealing_and_Protecting_the_Bronze_Surface\" >\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Alternative_Bronze_Casting_Methods\" >\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#How_Sand_Casting_Works_for_Simple_Bronze_Pieces\" >\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-62\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Lost%E2%80%91Wax_Casting_vs_Sand_Casting_Pros_and_Cons\" >\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-63\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#When_to_Use_Solid_Casting_vs_Hollow_Casting\" >\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-64\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Small%E2%80%91Scale_Bronze_Casting_for_Jewelry_and_Minis\" >\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-65\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Modern_Tech_in_Bronze_Sculpture_Casting\" >\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-66\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Using_3D_Modeling_and_Scanning_for_Sculpture_Designs\" >\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-67\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#3D_Printing_Patterns_for_Bronze_Casting\" >\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-68\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Combining_Traditional_Sculpture_with_Digital_Tools\" >\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-69\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Costs_and_Pricing_of_Bronze_Sculptures\" >\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-70\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Key_Factors_That_Affect_Bronze_Casting_Cost\" >\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-71\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Size_Complexity_and_Edition_Pricing_Examples\" >\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-72\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Ways_Artists_and_Collectors_Can_Manage_Casting_Budgets\" >\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-73\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Common_Problems_in_Bronze_Casting_and_How_to_Fix_Them\" >\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-74\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Air_Bubbles_Porosity_and_Shrinkage\" >\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-75\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Misruns_Cracks_and_Warping\" >\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-76\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Quality_Control_Before_Approving_a_Casting\" >\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-77\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#How_to_Care_for_Bronze_Sculptures\" >\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-78\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Cleaning_Indoor_Bronze_Sculptures\" >\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-79\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Outdoor_Bronze_Maintenance_Re%E2%80%91Waxing\" >\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-80\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Protecting_Patina_in_Harsh_or_Coastal_Environments\" >\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-81\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#When_to_Call_a_Professional_Conservator\" >\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-82\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Getting_a_Bronze_Sculpture_Cast_for_the_First_Time\" >\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-83\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#What_to_Prepare_Before_You_Contact_a_Foundry\" >\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-84\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Smart_Questions_to_Ask_a_Bronze_Sculpture_Foundry\" >\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-85\" href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/how-are-bronze-sculptures-cast\/#Typical_Bronze_Casting_Timeline_Model_to_Finished_Piece\" >\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Brief_History_of_Bronze_Sculpture_Casting\"><\/span>\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 <strong>\u201c\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629\u061f\u201d<\/strong>, \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ancient_Origins_and_Early_Lost%E2%80%91Wax_Casting\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0637 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632)\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u064a <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0640 <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong>):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064b\u0627 (\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u201d).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 <strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong> \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Greek_and_Roman_Hollow_Bronze_Casting\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/strong> (\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 <strong>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Renaissance_Revival_of_Bronze_Casting\"><\/span>\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong> \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0646\u064f\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u064f\u062a\u0642\u0646 <strong>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 <strong>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 <strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Modern_Foundries_and_Todays_Bronze_Industry\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 <strong>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062d \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/strong> \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 <strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0643\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong>, \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646\u2014\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631\u2014\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/strong> \u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bronze_Sculpture_Basics_Why_Bronze_Works_So_Well\"><\/span>\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-36eea33d6f1540d281c285671ffb8664.r2.dev\/2026\/12\/01\/bronze_sculpture_casting_alloys_and_properties_XCj.webp\" alt=\"\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Bronze_Is_Ideal_for_Casting_Sculptures\"><\/span>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 <strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong>, \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0640 <em>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/em> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631<\/strong> \u2013 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0634<\/strong> \u2013 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064f\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u2013 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621\u2014\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/strong> \u2013 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 <strong>\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647<\/strong> \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Bronze_Alloy_Types_for_Sculpture\"><\/span>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 (\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 + \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 + \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649)<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \"\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\")<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 + \u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong>, \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0644\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 + \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0648\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Alloy_Composition_Affects_Strength_Color_and_Detail\"><\/span>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644 <strong>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/strong> \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> = \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631<\/strong> = \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629\/\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u0626\u064b\u0627<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/strong> = \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <strong>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> = \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646) \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0626 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 <strong>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0639\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635<\/strong> \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 (\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641)<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Core_Materials_and_Tools_for_How_Bronze_Sculptures_Are_Cast\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-36eea33d6f1540d281c285671ffb8664.r2.dev\/2026\/12\/01\/bronze_sculpture_casting_materials_and_tools_2ybCn.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Modeling_Materials_Clay_Wax_Foam_Armatures\"><\/span>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0640:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong> \u2013 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/strong> \u2013 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0640 <em>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629<\/strong> \u2013 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mold-Making_Supplies_Silicone_Plaster_Ceramic_Shell\"><\/span>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u2013 \u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u2013 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u061b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Foundry_Tools_Crucibles_Furnaces_Safety_Gear\"><\/span>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641 **\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Preparing_the_Original_Sculpture_for_Lost-Wax_Bronze_Casting\"><\/span>\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Turning_an_Idea_into_a_Clay_or_Wax_Model\"><\/span>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/strong> \u2013 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/strong> \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/strong> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0635\u0628\u0650<\/strong> \u2013 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Building_a_Strong_Armature_for_Larger_Bronze_Sculptures\"><\/span>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/strong> \u2013 \u0623\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0647\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Surface_Detailing_for_Fine_Texture_Before_Casting\"><\/span>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u2013 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0641\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0643<\/strong> \u2013 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/strong> \u2013 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Making_the_Mold_for_Bronze_Sculptures\"><\/span>\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \"\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629\"\u060c \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f: \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647. \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"One%E2%80%91Piece_vs_Multi%E2%80%91Piece_Mold_Designs\"><\/span>\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0641.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 - \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (\u0645\u062b\u0644 10 \u0623\u0648 20 \u0623\u0648 30 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629)\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Applying_Silicone_or_Rubber_Over_the_Original_Sculpture\"><\/span>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 <strong>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629\" \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong> \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0645\u0643<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b 1\/4 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 - 3\/8 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a).<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a: <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/strong> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Creating_Mother_Molds_for_Support_and_Repeat_Castings\"><\/span>\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \"\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\" \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0640 <strong>\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062c\u0628\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0646\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645<\/strong>, \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Mold%E2%80%91Making_Mistakes_And_How_to_Avoid_Them\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 (\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062e\u0637\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0637\u0623: \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629: \u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644: \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0636\u0641 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0637\u0623: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629: \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644: \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0637\u0623: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629: \u062d\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d: \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0637\u0623: \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d: \u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0637\u0623: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629: \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d: \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a <strong>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/strong> \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637: <strong>\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Creating_the_Wax_Model_Wax_Positive\"><\/span>\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pouring_or_Brushing_Wax_into_the_Mold\"><\/span>\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0635\u0644\u0628:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Controlling_Wax_Thickness_for_Hollow_Bronze_Casting\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641:<\/strong> \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 3-5 \u0645\u0645 (\u215b \u0625\u0644\u0649 3\/16 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629)\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631:<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Wax_Chasing_Fixing_Seams_and_Surface_Flaws\"><\/span>\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639: \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0640 \"\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0647\" \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u062f\u0645\u062c \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631:<\/strong> \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644:<\/strong> \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_the_Wax_Stage_Is_Critical_to_Casting_Quality\"><\/span>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0649\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u2014 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644:<\/strong> \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062e\u062f\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a:<\/strong> \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635. \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629:<\/strong> \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sprues_Vents_and_the_Gating_System_in_Lost-Wax_Bronze_Casting\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Sprues_and_Vents_Do_in_Bronze_Casting\"><\/span>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In <strong>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong>, \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a)<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a <strong>\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0643 <strong>\u0645\u064f\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d <strong>\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0628<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Designing_a_Gating_System_for_Smooth_Metal_Flow\"><\/span>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0645 <strong>\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/strong> \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/strong> \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <strong>\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong>, \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0636\u0639 <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0636\u0641 <strong>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f <strong>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Beginner_Mistakes_with_Sprue_Placement\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 <strong>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0621<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0640 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 <strong>\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0626\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 <strong>\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0640 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f <strong>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/strong> \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Investing_and_Burnout_in_Lost%E2%80%91Wax_Bronze_Casting\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Building_the_ceramic_shell_around_the_wax_sculpture\"><\/span>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u061b \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Layering_investment_for_heat_and_pressure\"><\/span>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a):<\/strong> \u0623\u062f\u0642 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649:<\/strong> \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637 <strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643<\/strong> \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Burnout_melting_and_draining_the_wax\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642: \u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 - \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Temperature_control_to_prevent_cracks_and_defects\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627:<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623:<\/strong> \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 <strong>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0640:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0622\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Melting_and_Pouring_Bronze\"><\/span>\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_bronze_is_melted_and_held_at_the_right_temperature\"><\/span>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631. \u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062b \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a <strong>1,900\u20132,100 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a (1,038\u20131,149 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627<\/strong> \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/strong> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 (\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/strong> \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Degassing_and_cleaning_the_molten_bronze\"><\/span>\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0635\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c. \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0643\u0634\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/strong> \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <strong>\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/strong> (\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629) \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gravity_pouring_vs_centrifugal_casting\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n<p>**\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 (<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cooling_Breaking_the_Mold_and_Revealing_the_Casting\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-36eea33d6f1540d281c285671ffb8664.r2.dev\/2026\/12\/01\/bronze_sculpture_casting_process_steps_a9sNIEtWk.webp\" alt=\"\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 <strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong>, \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627: \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641\u201d. \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cooling_Times_Small_vs_Large_Bronze_Sculptures\"><\/span>\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629)\n<ul>\n<li>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f: \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b <strong>30\u201390 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong> \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\/\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/strong> (\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633)\n<ul>\n<li>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f: \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b <strong>2\u20134 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong>, \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/strong> (\u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631)\n<ul>\n<li>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f: \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 <strong>\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627\u0647\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 <strong>12-24+ \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 <strong>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0635\u0628\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Removing_the_Ceramic_Shell_or_Investment\"><\/span>\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062e\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0646\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0631) \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062b\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"First_Inspection_of_the_Raw_Bronze_Sculpture\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0640 <strong>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/strong> \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645. \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u061f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u2014\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0631<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Typical_Surface_Defects_After_the_First_Casting\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 <strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong>, \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0630\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u062b \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0637\u062d\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637: \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0622\u062a. \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646 <strong>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cleaning_Chasing_and_Welding_Bronze_Sculptures\"><\/span>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cutting_off_Sprues_and_Grinding_Stubs_in_Bronze_Casting\"><\/span>\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628. \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0639<\/li>\n<li>\u062b\u0645 \u0623 <strong>\u0623\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chasing_Restoring_Detail_and_Texture_in_Bronze\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0639: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u201d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0648\u062f \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 <strong>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Welding_Multiple_Bronze_Sections_Together\"><\/span>\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 TIG \u0623\u0648 MIG \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627\u2014\u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Blending_Welds_Until_Seams_Are_Invisible\"><\/span>\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0643\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641: \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c <strong>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/strong>. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Internal_Support_and_Structural_Stability_in_Bronze_Sculptures\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 <strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648\u064f\u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"When_You_Need_an_Internal_Armature\"><\/span>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 <strong>\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong> (\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.)<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 <strong>\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642<\/strong> \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 <strong>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 24-30 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u064b\u0627<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Using_Stainless_Steel_Supports_in_Large_Outdoor_Bronze\"><\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644:<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642:<\/strong> \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/strong> \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a<\/strong> \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0629 <strong>\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635<\/strong> \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Designing_Bases_and_Mounts_for_Safe_Installation\"><\/span>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647. \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u2014 \u0623\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d:<\/strong> \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 <strong>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062e\u0641\u064a <strong>\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a 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\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u2014 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Patination_and_Surface_Finishes_in_Lost%E2%80%91Wax_Bronze_Casting\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-36eea33d6f1540d281c285671ffb8664.r2.dev\/2026\/12\/01\/bronze_sculpture_patination_and_finishing_process_.webp\" alt=\"\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 <strong>\u201c\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629\u061f\u201d<\/strong>, \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644. \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Patina_Is_and_Why_Bronze_Changes_Color\"><\/span>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0626<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 (\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \"\u062d\u0631\u0629\" )<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631. \u0646\u062d\u0646 <strong>\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Chemical_Patinas_for_Bronze_Sculptures\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641 <strong>\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635<\/strong>\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u064a \/ \u0628\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631: \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0626\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0640: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631: \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062d\u0645\u060c \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0640: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u062f\u064a\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0633<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631: \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0640: \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u201c\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u201d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631: \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0640: \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 <strong>\u0628\u062a layered patinas<\/strong>\u2014\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u2014\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hot_vs_Cold_Patina_Methods\"><\/span>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0627 <strong>\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646<\/strong> or <strong>\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642. \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0628 (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 180\u2013220 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a \/ 82\u2013104 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong>, \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0634\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644 <strong>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u2014\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u2014we almost always recommend a <strong>\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Waxing_Sealing_and_Protecting_the_Bronze_Surface\"><\/span>\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0645\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0640: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0644 6-18 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0634 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641 \/ \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a waxing \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u0638\u0641 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0644 1-2 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0648\u062c\u060c \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644):\n<ul>\n<li>\u063a\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0641 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0641\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u0629 1-2 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/strong>, \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 <strong>\u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/strong>, \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u2014\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alternative_Bronze_Casting_Methods\"><\/span>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-36eea33d6f1540d281c285671ffb8664.r2.dev\/2026\/12\/01\/bronze_sculpture_casting_methods_comparison_egWhJt.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u201c\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u201d\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Sand_Casting_Works_for_Simple_Bronze_Pieces\"><\/span>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u201c\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u201d \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 (\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c) \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0623\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628).<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lost%E2%80%91Wax_Casting_vs_Sand_Casting_Pros_and_Cons\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u2014 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629:<\/strong> \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629:<\/strong> \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631:<\/strong> \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644:<\/strong> \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639:<\/strong> \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u2014\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629\u2014\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"When_to_Use_Solid_Casting_vs_Hollow_Casting\"><\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u062a<\/strong> or <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a)<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u2014\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0640 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645. \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Small%E2%80%91Scale_Bronze_Casting_for_Jewelry_and_Minis\"><\/span>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0633\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u2014\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0642<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u064f\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u2014 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641) \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Modern_Tech_in_Bronze_Sculpture_Casting\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Using_3D_Modeling_and_Scanning_for_Sculpture_Designs\"><\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f (\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/strong> \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 <strong>\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062d <strong>\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635<\/strong> \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644<\/strong> \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3D_Printing_Patterns_for_Bronze_Casting\"><\/span>\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/strong> \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 <strong>\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0640:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629<\/strong> (\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong>, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong> \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Combining_Traditional_Sculpture_with_Digital_Tools\"><\/span>\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 <strong>\u0646\u062d\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/strong>, \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0635\u0644\u062d <strong>\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640:\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635<\/strong> \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 <strong>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0639 <strong>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Costs_and_Pricing_of_Bronze_Sculptures\"><\/span>\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-36eea33d6f1540d281c285671ffb8664.r2.dev\/2026\/12\/01\/bronze_sculpture_casting_costs_factors_yGN3YneFV.webp\" alt=\"\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 <strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong>, \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648: <em>\u0643\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u062e\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0639 <strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong>, \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Factors_That_Affect_Bronze_Casting_Cost\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 = \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0643\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0642\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a:\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 <strong>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a <strong>\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/strong>, <strong>\u062a\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 <strong>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a<\/strong> \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 <strong>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629) \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 <strong>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 (\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0631) \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Size_Complexity_and_Edition_Pricing_Examples\"><\/span>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <strong>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 (8\u201312 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629: <strong>$1,200\u2013$3,000<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 10+: <strong>$700\u2013$1,500 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 (24\u201336 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629: <strong>$4,000\u2013$12,000+<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 10+: <strong>$2,500\u2013$7,000 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639 <strong>\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647<\/strong>, \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629: <strong>$25,000\u2013$150,000+<\/strong> \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/strong>, <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u064a (\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ways_Artists_and_Collectors_Can_Manage_Casting_Budgets\"><\/span>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0637\u062a \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c 10-20 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0643<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 (\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648 <strong>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 <strong>\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0643 (\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 <strong>\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/strong> \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642<\/strong> \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635<\/strong> \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Problems_in_Bronze_Casting_and_How_to_Fix_Them\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-36eea33d6f1540d281c285671ffb8664.r2.dev\/2026\/12\/01\/bronze_sculpture_casting_defects_and_solutions_CN2.webp\" alt=\"\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Air_Bubbles_Porosity_and_Shrinkage\"><\/span>\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639\u060c <strong>\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0627 \"\u062a\u062e\u0641\u0642\" \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u062b\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 <strong>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647<\/strong> \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0647\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0642<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0636\u0641 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Misruns_Cracks_and_Warping\"><\/span>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646<\/strong>, <strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u0648 <strong>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 (\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647: \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0643\u064b\u0627<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629\u061b \u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a (\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647)<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Quality_Control_Before_Approving_a_Casting\"><\/span>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a <strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0643 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_Care_for_Bronze_Sculptures\"><\/span>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cleaning_Indoor_Bronze_Sculptures\"><\/span>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a (\u0643\u0644 3-6 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0634<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0628\u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u0644\u0629<\/strong> (\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0631) \u0648\u062c\u0641\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u2013 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062a <strong>\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u2013 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0637\u062e \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 a <strong>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641<\/strong>\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627.\n<ul>\n<li>\u062f\u0639\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0628\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0638\u0641 \u0628\u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Outdoor_Bronze_Maintenance_Re%E2%80%91Waxing\"><\/span>\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0648\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <strong>\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/strong> \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <strong>\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/strong>\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0641\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a <strong>3-4 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629:\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0641\u0641 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062f\u0633 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong> (\u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0626\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u064b\u0627)<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 <strong>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0648 <strong>\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Protecting_Patina_in_Harsh_or_Coastal_Environments\"><\/span>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a) \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d + \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0640 <strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645<\/strong> (\u0643\u0644 2-3 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631)<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 <strong>\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647<\/strong> \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0635\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0640:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u063a\u0645\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/strong> \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a <strong>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a <strong>\u0628\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621\/\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/strong>, \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u2013 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"When_to_Call_a_Professional_Conservator\"><\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u062a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 <strong>\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062e\u060c \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d<\/strong> \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0621 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 <strong>\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u2013 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u2013 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Getting_a_Bronze_Sculpture_Cast_for_the_First_Time\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/artvisionsculptures.com\/ar\/product-category\/bronze-sculpture\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_to_Prepare_Before_You_Contact_a_Foundry\"><\/span>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u064f\u0646\u062c\u0632 <strong>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/strong>, \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 <strong>\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\/\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u061f \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0637\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u061f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/strong> \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/strong> \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 (\u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647).<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631: <strong>\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/strong> (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c 1\/10\u060c 2\/10).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>A <strong>\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a<\/strong> (\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f).<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 (\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Smart_Questions_to_Ask_a_Bronze_Sculpture_Foundry\"><\/span>\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639. \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong>, <strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u0648 <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/strong> \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0627 <strong>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/strong> \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631).<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/strong>\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u061f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 <strong>\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0643 <strong>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/strong> \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627\u2014\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 <strong>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/strong> \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u061f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/strong> \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u061f (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Typical_Bronze_Casting_Timeline_Model_to_Finished_Piece\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u2013 1\u20132 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u2013 2\u20134 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0648 <strong>\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u2013 1\u20132 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 <strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u2013 1\u20132 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u2013 2\u20134 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c <strong>\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 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